优化显卡选择并实现监听显卡变化 (#1037)

* fix: 优化初始化失败逻辑 * feat: 实现 AdapterService 功能 * feat: 优化 GPU 选择 * feat: 实现根据显卡改变更新配置文件 * feat: 支持检测运行时显卡变化 * feat: 排除不支持功能级别 11 的显卡 * perf: 延迟检查显卡的功能级别以加快主窗口显示 * fix: 确保检查显卡的功能级别在主窗口显示后执行
2026-06-24 02:04:10 +00:00 · 2024-12-24 20:52:40 +08:00 · 2024-12-24 20:52:40 +08:00 · d8dd777053
commit d8dd777053
parent 6d6bd791fb
33 changed files with 598 additions and 128 deletions
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/DeviceResources.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/DeviceResources.cpp
@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ bool DeviceResources::Initialize() noexcept {
 		Logger::Get().ComWarn("CheckFeatureSupport 失败", hr);
 	}

-	_isSupportTearing = supportTearing;
+	_isTearingSupported = supportTearing;
 	Logger::Get().Info(fmt::format("可变刷新率支持: {}", supportTearing ? "是" : "否"));

-	if (!_ObtainAdapterAndDevice(ScalingWindow::Get().Options().graphicsCard)) {
+	if (!_ObtainAdapterAndDevice(ScalingWindow::Get().Options().graphicsCardId)) {
 		Logger::Get().Error("找不到可用的图形适配器");
 		return false;
 	}
@ -64,43 +64,63 @@ ID3D11SamplerState* DeviceResources::GetSampler(D3D11_FILTER filterMode, D3D11_T
 	return _samMap.emplace(key, std::move(sam)).first->second.get();
 }

-bool DeviceResources::_ObtainAdapterAndDevice(int adapterIdx) noexcept {
+bool DeviceResources::_ObtainAdapterAndDevice(GraphicsCardId graphicsCardId) noexcept {
 	winrt::com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1> adapter;

-	if (adapterIdx >= 0) {
-		HRESULT hr = _dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIdx, adapter.put());
+	if (graphicsCardId.idx >= 0) {
+		// 先使用索引
+		HRESULT hr = _dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(graphicsCardId.idx, adapter.put());
 		if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
 			DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
 			hr = adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
 			if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
-				if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) {
-					Logger::Get().Warn("用户指定的显示卡为 WARP，已忽略");
-				} else if (_TryCreateD3DDevice(adapter)) {
-					return true;
+				if (desc.VendorId == graphicsCardId.vendorId && desc.DeviceId == graphicsCardId.deviceId) {
+					if (_TryCreateD3DDevice(adapter)) {
+						return true;
+					} else {
+						Logger::Get().Warn("用户指定的显示卡不支持 FL 11");
+					}
 				} else {
-					Logger::Get().Warn("用户指定的显示卡不支持 FL 11");
+					Logger::Get().Warn("显卡配置已变化");
 				}
-			} else {
-				Logger::Get().Error("GetDesc1 失败");
 			}
-		} else {
-			Logger::Get().Warn("未找到用户指定的显示卡");
+		}
+
+		// 枚举查找 vendorId 和 deviceId 匹配的显卡
+		assert(graphicsCardId.vendorId != 0 && graphicsCardId.deviceId != 0);
+		UINT adapterIndex = graphicsCardId.idx == 0 ? 1 : 0;
+		while (SUCCEEDED(_dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIndex, adapter.put()))) {
+			DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
+			hr = adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
+			if (FAILED(hr)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (desc.VendorId == graphicsCardId.vendorId && desc.DeviceId == graphicsCardId.deviceId) {
+				if (_TryCreateD3DDevice(adapter)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				Logger::Get().Warn("用户指定的显示卡不支持 FL11");
+				break;
+			}
+
+			++adapterIndex;
+			if (adapterIndex == (UINT)graphicsCardId.idx) {
+				// 已经检查了 graphicsCardId.idx
+				++adapterIndex;
+			}
 		}
 	}

-	// 枚举查找第一个支持 D3D11 的图形适配器
+	// 枚举查找第一个支持 FL11 的显卡
 	for (UINT adapterIndex = 0;
 		SUCCEEDED(_dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIndex, adapter.put()));
 		++adapterIndex
 	) {
 		DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
 		HRESULT hr = adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
-		if (FAILED(hr)) {
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		// 忽略 WARP
-		if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) {
+		if (FAILED(hr) || DirectXHelper::IsWARP(desc)) {
 			continue;
 		}

@ -109,7 +129,7 @@ bool DeviceResources::_ObtainAdapterAndDevice(int adapterIdx) noexcept {
 		}
 	}

-	// 作为最后手段，回落到 Basic Render Driver Adapter（WARP）
+	// 作为最后手段，回落到 CPU 渲染 (WARP)
 	// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3darticles/directx-warp
 	HRESULT hr = _dxgiFactory->EnumWarpAdapter(IID_PPV_ARGS(&adapter));
 	if (FAILED(hr)) {
@ -187,10 +207,19 @@ bool DeviceResources::_TryCreateD3DDevice(const winrt::com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1>& a
 	
 	_graphicsAdapter = adapter.try_as<IDXGIAdapter4>();
 	if (!_graphicsAdapter) {
-		Logger::Get().ComError("获取 IDXGIAdapter4 失败", hr);
+		Logger::Get().Error("获取 IDXGIAdapter4 失败");
 		return false;
 	}

+	// 检查半精度浮点支持
+	D3D11_FEATURE_DATA_SHADER_MIN_PRECISION_SUPPORT value;
+	hr = d3dDevice->CheckFeatureSupport(D3D11_FEATURE_SHADER_MIN_PRECISION_SUPPORT, &value, sizeof(value));
+	if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
+		_isFP16Supported = value.AllOtherShaderStagesMinPrecision & D3D11_SHADER_MIN_PRECISION_16_BIT;
+	} else {
+		Logger::Get().ComError("CheckFeatureSupport 失败", hr);
+	}
+
 	return true;
 }

--- a/src/Magpie.Core/DeviceResources.h
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/DeviceResources.h
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <parallel_hashmap/phmap.h>
+#include "ScalingOptions.h"

 namespace Magpie {

@ -16,14 +17,14 @@ public:
 	ID3D11DeviceContext4* GetD3DDC() const noexcept { return _d3dDC.get(); }
 	IDXGIAdapter4* GetGraphicsAdapter() const noexcept { return _graphicsAdapter.get(); }

-	bool IsSupportTearing() const noexcept {
-		return _isSupportTearing;
+	bool IsTearingSupported() const noexcept {
+		return _isTearingSupported;
 	}

 	ID3D11SamplerState* GetSampler(D3D11_FILTER filterMode, D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE addressMode) noexcept;

 private:
-	bool _ObtainAdapterAndDevice(int adapterIdx) noexcept;
+	bool _ObtainAdapterAndDevice(GraphicsCardId graphicsCardId) noexcept;
 	bool _TryCreateD3DDevice(const winrt::com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1>& adapter) noexcept;

 	winrt::com_ptr<IDXGIFactory7> _dxgiFactory;
@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ private:
 		winrt::com_ptr<ID3D11SamplerState>
 	> _samMap;

-	bool _isSupportTearing = false;
+	bool _isTearingSupported = false;
+	bool _isFP16Supported = false;
 };

 }
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/ImGuiImpl.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/ImGuiImpl.cpp
@ -26,13 +26,12 @@ bool ImGuiImpl::Initialize(DeviceResources* deviceResources) noexcept {
 		Logger::Get().Error("ImGui 的头文件与链接库版本不同");
 		return false;
 	}
-#endif // _DEBUG
+#endif

 	ImGui::CreateContext();

 	// Setup backend capabilities flags
 	ImGuiIO& io = ImGui::GetIO();
-	io.BackendPlatformUserData = nullptr;
 	io.BackendPlatformName = "Magpie";
 	io.ConfigFlags |= ImGuiConfigFlags_NavNoCaptureKeyboard | ImGuiConfigFlags_NoMouseCursorChange;

--- a/src/Magpie.Core/Magpie.Core.vcxproj
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/Magpie.Core.vcxproj
@ -54,7 +54,6 @@
    <ClInclude Include="DDSLoderHelpers.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="DesktopDuplicationFrameSource.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="DeviceResources.h" />
-    <ClInclude Include="DirectXHelper.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="DwmSharedSurfaceFrameSource.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="EffectCacheManager.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="EffectDrawer.h" />
@ -71,6 +70,7 @@
    <ClInclude Include="ImGuiImpl.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="include\CommonDefines.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="include\CommonSharedConstants.h" />
+    <ClInclude Include="include\DirectXHelper.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="include\EffectCompiler.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="include\EffectDesc.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="include\Logger.h" />
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/Magpie.Core.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/Magpie.Core.vcxproj.filters
@ -32,9 +32,6 @@
    <ClInclude Include="DDSLoderHelpers.h">
      <Filter>TextureLoader</Filter>
    </ClInclude>
-    <ClInclude Include="DirectXHelper.h">
-      <Filter>Helpers</Filter>
-    </ClInclude>
    <ClInclude Include="EffectHelper.h">
      <Filter>Helpers</Filter>
    </ClInclude>
@ -127,6 +124,9 @@
    <ClInclude Include="include\Logger.h">
      <Filter>Include</Filter>
    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="include\DirectXHelper.h">
+      <Filter>Include</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ClCompile Include="ScalingRuntime.cpp" />
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/Renderer.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/Renderer.cpp
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ bool Renderer::_CreateSwapChain() noexcept {
 		.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_FLIP_DISCARD,
 		.AlphaMode = DXGI_ALPHA_MODE_UNSPECIFIED,
 		// 只要显卡支持始终启用 DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING 以支持可变刷新率
-		.Flags = UINT((_frontendResources.IsSupportTearing() ? DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING : 0)
+		.Flags = UINT((_frontendResources.IsTearingSupported() ? DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_ALLOW_TEARING : 0)
 		| DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_FLAG_FRAME_LATENCY_WAITABLE_OBJECT)
 	};

--- a/src/Magpie.Core/ScalingOptions.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/ScalingOptions.cpp
@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ void ScalingOptions::Log() const noexcept {
 	IsStatisticsForDynamicDetectionEnabled: {}
 	IsTouchSupportEnabled: {}
 	cropping: {},{},{},{}
-	graphicsCard: {}
+	graphicsCardId:
+		idx: {}
+		venderId: {}
+		deviceId: {}
 	maxFrameRate: {}
 	cursorScaling: {}
 	captureMethod: {}
@ -80,7 +83,9 @@ void ScalingOptions::Log() const noexcept {
 		IsStatisticsForDynamicDetectionEnabled(),
 		IsTouchSupportEnabled(),
 		cropping.Left, cropping.Top, cropping.Right, cropping.Bottom,
-		graphicsCard,
+		graphicsCardId.idx,
+		graphicsCardId.vendorId,
+		graphicsCardId.deviceId,
 		maxFrameRate.has_value() ? *maxFrameRate : 0.0f,
 		cursorScaling,
 		(int)captureMethod,
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/include/CommonSharedConstants.h
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/include/CommonSharedConstants.h
@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ struct CommonSharedConstants {
 	static constexpr const wchar_t* OPTION_LAUNCH_WITHOUT_WINDOW = L"-t";

 	static constexpr UINT WM_NOTIFY_ICON = WM_USER;
-	static constexpr UINT WM_TOAST_QUIT = WM_USER + 1;

 	static constexpr const wchar_t* WM_MAGPIE_SHOWME = L"WM_MAGPIE_SHOWME";
 	static constexpr const wchar_t* WM_MAGPIE_QUIT = L"WM_MAGPIE_QUIT";
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/include/DirectXHelper.h
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/include/DirectXHelper.h
@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 #pragma once
+#include <dxgi1_6.h>
+#include <d3d11_4.h>

 namespace Magpie {

 struct DirectXHelper {
+	static bool IsWARP(const DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1& desc) noexcept {
+		// 不要检查 DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE 标志，如果系统没有安装任何显卡，WARP 没有这个标志。
+		// 这两个值来自 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/direct3ddxgi/d3d10-graphics-programming-guide-dxgi#new-info-about-enumerating-adapters-for-windows-8
+		return desc.VendorId == 0x1414 && desc.DeviceId == 0x8c;
+	}
+
 	static bool CompileComputeShader(
 		std::string_view hlsl,
 		const char* entryPoint,
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/include/ScalingOptions.h
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/include/ScalingOptions.h
@ -28,6 +28,17 @@ struct Cropping {
 	float Bottom;
 };

+struct GraphicsCardId {
+	// idx 为显卡索引，vendorId 和 deviceId 用于验证，如果不匹配则遍历显卡查找匹配。这可以处理显卡
+	// 改变的情况，比如某些笔记本电脑可以在混合架构和独显直连之间切换。
+	// idx 有两个作用，一是作为性能优化，二是用于区分同一型号的两个显卡。
+	// idx 为 -1 表示使用默认显卡，如果此时 vendorId 和 deviceId 有值表示由于目前不存在该显卡因此
+	// 使用默认显卡，如果以后该显卡再次可用将自动使用。
+	int idx = -1;
+	uint32_t vendorId = 0;
+	uint32_t deviceId = 0;
+};
+
 struct ScalingFlags {
 	static constexpr uint32_t DisableWindowResizing = 1;
 	static constexpr uint32_t BreakpointMode = 1 << 1;
@ -100,7 +111,7 @@ struct ScalingOptions {

 	Cropping cropping{};
 	uint32_t flags = ScalingFlags::AdjustCursorSpeed | ScalingFlags::DrawCursor;	// ScalingFlags
-	int graphicsCard = -1;
+	GraphicsCardId graphicsCardId;
 	std::optional<float> maxFrameRate;
 	float cursorScaling = 1.0f;
 	CaptureMethod captureMethod = CaptureMethod::GraphicsCapture;
--- a/src/Magpie.Core/include/Win32Helper.h
+++ b/src/Magpie.Core/include/Win32Helper.h
@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ constexpr bool operator==(const POINT& l, const POINT& r) noexcept {
 	return l.x == r.x && l.y == r.y;
 }

-// 避免和 d3d11.h 中的定义冲突
+// 避免和 d3d11.h 中的定义冲突，应在该头文件后包含
 #ifndef __d3d11_h__
 constexpr bool operator==(const RECT& l, const RECT& r) noexcept {
 	return l.left == r.left && l.top == r.top && l.right == r.right && l.bottom == r.bottom;
--- a/src/Magpie/AdaptersService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/AdaptersService.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#include "pch.h"
+#include <d3d11_4.h>
+#include "AdaptersService.h"
+#include "Logger.h"
+#include "Win32Helper.h"
+#include "App.h"
+#include "DirectXHelper.h"
+
+using namespace winrt::Magpie::implementation;
+using namespace winrt;
+
+namespace Magpie {
+
+bool AdaptersService::Initialize() noexcept {
+	com_ptr<IDXGIFactory7> dxgiFactory;
+
+	HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
+	if (FAILED(hr)) {
+		Logger::Get().ComError("CreateDXGIFactory1 失败", hr);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1> curAdapter;
+	for (UINT adapterIdx = 0;
+		SUCCEEDED(dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIdx, curAdapter.put()));
+		++adapterIdx
+	) {
+		DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
+		hr = curAdapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
+		if (FAILED(hr) || DirectXHelper::IsWARP(desc)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// 初始化时不检查是否支持 FL11，有些设备上 D3D11CreateDevice 相当慢
+		_adapterInfos.push_back({
+			.idx = adapterIdx,
+			.vendorId = desc.VendorId,
+			.deviceId = desc.DeviceId,
+			.description = desc.Description
+		});
+	}
+
+	_UpdateProfiles();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void AdaptersService::Uninitialize() noexcept {
+	if (!_monitorThread.joinable()) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	const HANDLE hToastThread = _monitorThread.native_handle();
+	if (!wil::handle_wait(hToastThread, 0)) {
+		const DWORD threadId = GetThreadId(hToastThread);
+
+		// 持续尝试直到 _monitorThread 创建了消息队列
+		while (!PostThreadMessage(threadId, WM_QUIT, 0, 0)) {
+			if (wil::handle_wait(hToastThread, 1)) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	_monitorThread.join();
+}
+
+void AdaptersService::StartMonitor() noexcept {
+	_monitorThread = std::thread(std::bind_front(&AdaptersService::_MonitorThreadProc, this));
+}
+
+bool AdaptersService::_GatherAdapterInfos(
+	com_ptr<IDXGIFactory7>& dxgiFactory,
+	wil::unique_event_nothrow& adaptersChangedEvent,
+	DWORD& adaptersChangedCookie
+) noexcept {
+	// 显卡变化后需要重新创建 DXGI 工厂
+	HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
+	if (FAILED(hr)) {
+		Logger::Get().ComError("CreateDXGIFactory1 失败", hr);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	hr = dxgiFactory->RegisterAdaptersChangedEvent(
+		adaptersChangedEvent.get(), &adaptersChangedCookie);
+	if (FAILED(hr)) {
+		Logger::Get().ComError("RegisterAdaptersChangedEvent 失败", hr);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	std::vector<AdapterInfo> adapterInfos;
+	SmallVector<com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1>> adapters;
+
+	com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1> curAdapter;
+	for (UINT adapterIdx = 0;
+		SUCCEEDED(dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIdx, curAdapter.put()));
+		++adapterIdx
+	) {
+		DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
+		hr = curAdapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
+		if (FAILED(hr) || DirectXHelper::IsWARP(desc)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		adapterInfos.push_back({
+			.idx = adapterIdx,
+			.vendorId = desc.VendorId,
+			.deviceId = desc.DeviceId,
+			.description = desc.Description
+		});
+
+		adapters.push_back(std::move(curAdapter));
+	}
+
+	// 删除不支持功能级别 11 的显卡
+	std::vector<AdapterInfo> compatibleAdapterInfos;
+	wil::srwlock writeLock;
+	Win32Helper::RunParallel([&](uint32_t i) {
+		D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL fl = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;
+		if (SUCCEEDED(D3D11CreateDevice(adapters[i].get(), D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+			NULL, 0, &fl, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr))) {
+			auto lock = writeLock.lock_exclusive();
+			compatibleAdapterInfos.push_back(std::move(adapterInfos[i]));
+		}
+	}, (uint32_t)adapters.size());
+
+	App::Get().Dispatcher().RunAsync(CoreDispatcherPriority::Normal, [this, adapterInfos(std::move(compatibleAdapterInfos))]() {
+		_adapterInfos = std::move(adapterInfos);
+		_UpdateProfiles();
+		AdaptersChanged.Invoke();
+	});
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+void AdaptersService::_MonitorThreadProc() noexcept {
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+	SetThreadDescription(GetCurrentThread(), L"AdaptersService 线程");
+#endif
+
+	winrt::init_apartment(winrt::apartment_type::single_threaded);
+
+	wil::unique_event_nothrow adaptersChangedEvent;
+	HRESULT hr = adaptersChangedEvent.create();
+	if (FAILED(hr)) {
+		Logger::Get().ComError("创建 event 失败", hr);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	com_ptr<IDXGIFactory7> dxgiFactory;
+	DWORD adaptersChangedCookie = 0;
+	if (!_GatherAdapterInfos(dxgiFactory, adaptersChangedEvent, adaptersChangedCookie)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	while (true) {
+		MSG msg;
+		while (PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
+			if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
+				break;
+			}
+
+			TranslateMessage(&msg);
+			DispatchMessage(&msg);
+		}
+
+		if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		HANDLE hAdaptersChangedEvent = adaptersChangedEvent.get();
+		if (MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx(1, &hAdaptersChangedEvent,
+			INFINITE, QS_ALLINPUT, MWMO_INPUTAVAILABLE) == WAIT_OBJECT_0) {
+			// WAIT_OBJECT_0 表示显卡变化
+			// WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1 表示有新消息
+			if (!_GatherAdapterInfos(dxgiFactory, adaptersChangedEvent, adaptersChangedCookie)) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	dxgiFactory->UnregisterAdaptersChangedEvent(adaptersChangedCookie);
+}
+
+// 有更改返回 true
+bool AdaptersService::_UpdateProfileGraphicsCardId(Profile& profile) noexcept {
+	GraphicsCardId& gcid = profile.graphicsCardId;
+	
+	if (gcid.vendorId == 0 && gcid.deviceId == 0) {
+		if (gcid.idx < 0) {
+			// 使用默认显卡
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		// 来自旧版本的配置文件不存在 vendorId 和 deviceId，更新为新版本
+		auto it = std::find_if(_adapterInfos.begin(), _adapterInfos.end(),
+			[&](const AdapterInfo& ai) { return (int)ai.idx == gcid.idx; });
+		if (it == _adapterInfos.end()) {
+			// 未找到序号则改为使用默认显卡，无论如何原始配置已经丢失
+			gcid.idx = -1;
+		} else {
+			gcid.vendorId = it->vendorId;
+			gcid.deviceId = it->deviceId;
+		}
+
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	auto it = std::find_if(_adapterInfos.begin(), _adapterInfos.end(), [&](const AdapterInfo& ai) {
+		return (int)ai.idx == gcid.idx && ai.vendorId == gcid.vendorId && ai.deviceId == gcid.deviceId;
+	});
+	if (it != _adapterInfos.end()) {
+		// 全部匹配
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// 序号指定的显卡不匹配则查找新序号
+	it = std::find_if(_adapterInfos.begin(), _adapterInfos.end(), [&](const AdapterInfo& ai) {
+		return ai.vendorId == gcid.vendorId && ai.deviceId == gcid.deviceId;
+	});
+	if (it == _adapterInfos.end()) {
+		// 找不到则将 idx 置为 -1 表示使用默认显卡，不改变 vendorId 和 deviceId，
+		// 这样当指定的显卡再次可用时将自动使用。
+		if (gcid.idx == -1) {
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			gcid.idx = -1;
+			return true;
+		}
+	} else {
+		gcid.idx = it->idx;
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+void AdaptersService::_UpdateProfiles() noexcept {
+	bool needSave = false;
+
+	// 更新所有配置文件的显卡配置
+	if (_UpdateProfileGraphicsCardId(AppSettings::Get().DefaultProfile())) {
+		needSave = true;
+	}
+
+	for (Profile& profile : AppSettings::Get().Profiles()) {
+		if (_UpdateProfileGraphicsCardId(profile)) {
+			needSave = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (needSave) {
+		AppSettings::Get().SaveAsync();
+	}
+}
+
+}
--- a/src/Magpie/AdaptersService.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/AdaptersService.h
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "SmallVector.h"
+#include <dxgi1_6.h>
+#include "Event.h"
+
+namespace Magpie {
+
+struct Profile;
+
+struct AdapterInfo {
+	uint32_t idx = 0;
+	uint32_t vendorId = 0;
+	uint32_t deviceId = 0;
+	std::wstring description;
+};
+
+class AdaptersService {
+public:
+	static AdaptersService& Get() noexcept {
+		static AdaptersService instance;
+		return instance;
+	}
+
+	AdaptersService(const AdaptersService&) = delete;
+	AdaptersService(AdaptersService&&) = delete;
+
+	bool Initialize() noexcept;
+
+	void Uninitialize() noexcept;
+
+	void StartMonitor() noexcept;
+
+	const std::vector<AdapterInfo>& AdapterInfos() const noexcept {
+		return _adapterInfos;
+	}
+
+	Event<> AdaptersChanged;
+
+private:
+	AdaptersService() = default;
+
+	bool _GatherAdapterInfos(
+		winrt::com_ptr<IDXGIFactory7>& dxgiFactory,
+		wil::unique_event_nothrow& adaptersChangedEvent,
+		DWORD& adaptersChangedCookie
+	) noexcept;
+
+	void _MonitorThreadProc() noexcept;
+
+	bool _UpdateProfileGraphicsCardId(Profile& profile) noexcept;
+
+	void _UpdateProfiles() noexcept;
+
+	std::thread _monitorThread;
+	std::vector<AdapterInfo> _adapterInfos;
+};
+
+}
--- a/src/Magpie/App.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/App.cpp
@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "IsNullStateTrigger.h"
 #include "TextBlockHelper.h"
 #include "MainWindow.h"
+#include "AdaptersService.h"

 using namespace ::Magpie;
 using namespace winrt;
@ -146,6 +147,7 @@ bool App::Initialize(const wchar_t* arguments) {

 	if (settings.IsAlwaysRunAsAdmin() && !Win32Helper::IsProcessElevated()) {
 		Restart(true, arguments);
+		_Uninitialize();
 		return false;
 	}

@ -164,6 +166,10 @@ bool App::Initialize(const wchar_t* arguments) {

 	LocalizationService::Get().Initialize();
 	ToastService::Get().Initialize();
+	if (!AdaptersService::Get().Initialize()) {
+		_Uninitialize();
+		return false;
+	}
 	ShortcutService::Get().Initialize();
 	ScalingService::Get().Initialize();
 	UpdateService::Get().Initialize();
@ -178,9 +184,20 @@ bool App::Initialize(const wchar_t* arguments) {
 	// 不显示托盘图标时忽略 -t 参数
 	if (!notifyIconService.IsShow() || arguments != L"-t"sv) {
 		if (!_mainWindow->Create()) {
-			Quit();
+			_Uninitialize();
 			return false;
 		}
+
+		// 有的设备上后台调用 D3D11CreateDevice 会拖累主窗口显示速度，因此应在主窗口显示后
+		// 再检查显卡的功能级别。
+		((RootPage::base_type&)*_mainWindow->Content()).Loaded([](const auto&, const auto&) {
+			// 低优先级回调确保在初始化完毕后执行
+			App::Get().Dispatcher().RunAsync(CoreDispatcherPriority::Low, []() {
+				AdaptersService::Get().StartMonitor();
+			});
+		});
+	} else {
+		AdaptersService::Get().StartMonitor();
 	}

 	return true;
@ -249,10 +266,11 @@ const com_ptr<RootPage>& App::RootPage() const noexcept {
 void App::_Uninitialize() {
 	NotifyIconService::Get().Uninitialize();
 	ScalingService::Get().Uninitialize();
-	// 不显示托盘图标的情况下关闭主窗口仍会在后台驻留数秒，推测和 XAML Islands 有关。
-	// 这里提前取消热键注册，这样关闭 Magpie 后立即重新打开不会注册热键失败。
+	// 提前取消热键注册，这样关闭 Magpie 后立即重新打开不会注册热键失败
 	ShortcutService::Get().Uninitialize();
+	AdaptersService::Get().Uninitialize();
 	ToastService::Get().Uninitialize();
+	EffectsService::Get().Uninitialize();

 	_colorValuesChangedRevoker.revoke();
 	_isShowNotifyIconChangedRevoker.Revoke();
--- a/src/Magpie/AppSettings.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/AppSettings.cpp
@ -86,8 +86,15 @@ static void WriteProfile(rapidjson::PrettyWriter<rapidjson::StringBuffer>& write
 	writer.Key("multiMonitorUsage");
 	writer.Uint((uint32_t)profile.multiMonitorUsage);

-	writer.Key("graphicsCard");
-	writer.Int(profile.graphicsCard);
+	writer.Key("graphicsCardId");
+	writer.StartObject();
+	writer.Key("idx");
+	writer.Int(profile.graphicsCardId.idx);
+	writer.Key("vendorId");
+	writer.Uint(profile.graphicsCardId.vendorId);
+	writer.Key("deviceId");
+	writer.Uint(profile.graphicsCardId.deviceId);
+	writer.EndObject();
 	writer.Key("frameRateLimiterEnabled");
 	writer.Bool(profile.isFrameRateLimiterEnabled);
 	writer.Key("maxFrameRate");
@ -792,11 +799,38 @@ bool AppSettings::_LoadProfile(
 		profile.multiMonitorUsage = (MultiMonitorUsage)multiMonitorUsage;
 	}
 	
-	if (!JsonHelper::ReadInt(profileObj, "graphicsCard", profile.graphicsCard, true)) {
-		// v0.10.0-preview1 使用 graphicsAdapter
-		uint32_t graphicsAdater = 0;
-		JsonHelper::ReadUInt(profileObj, "graphicsAdapter", graphicsAdater);
-		profile.graphicsCard = (int)graphicsAdater - 1;
+	{
+		auto graphicsCardIdNode = profileObj.FindMember("graphicsCardId");
+		if (graphicsCardIdNode == profileObj.end()) {
+			// v0.10 和 v0.11 只使用索引
+			int graphicsCardIdx = -1;
+			if (!JsonHelper::ReadInt(profileObj, "graphicsCard", graphicsCardIdx, true)) {
+				// v0.10.0-preview1 使用 graphicsAdapter
+				uint32_t graphicsAdater = 0;
+				JsonHelper::ReadUInt(profileObj, "graphicsAdapter", graphicsAdater);
+				graphicsCardIdx = (int)graphicsAdater - 1;
+			}
+
+			// 稍后由 ProfileService 设置 vendorId 和 deviceId
+			profile.graphicsCardId.idx = graphicsCardIdx;
+		} else if (graphicsCardIdNode->value.IsObject()) {
+			auto graphicsCardIdObj = graphicsCardIdNode->value.GetObj();
+
+			auto idxNode = graphicsCardIdObj.FindMember("idx");
+			if (idxNode != graphicsCardIdObj.end() && idxNode->value.IsInt()) {
+				profile.graphicsCardId.idx = idxNode->value.GetInt();
+			}
+
+			auto vendorIdNode = graphicsCardIdObj.FindMember("vendorId");
+			if (vendorIdNode != graphicsCardIdObj.end() && vendorIdNode->value.IsUint()) {
+				profile.graphicsCardId.vendorId = vendorIdNode->value.GetUint();
+			}
+
+			auto deviceIdNode = graphicsCardIdObj.FindMember("deviceId");
+			if (deviceIdNode != graphicsCardIdObj.end() && deviceIdNode->value.IsUint()) {
+				profile.graphicsCardId.deviceId = deviceIdNode->value.GetUint();
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	JsonHelper::ReadBool(profileObj, "frameRateLimiterEnabled", profile.isFrameRateLimiterEnabled);
--- a/src/Magpie/AppSettings.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/AppSettings.h
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ public:
 		return _duplicateFrameDetectionMode;
 	}

-	void DuplicateFrameDetectionMode(Magpie::DuplicateFrameDetectionMode value) noexcept {
+	void DuplicateFrameDetectionMode(enum DuplicateFrameDetectionMode value) noexcept {
 		_duplicateFrameDetectionMode = value;
 		SaveAsync();
 	}
--- a/src/Magpie/EffectsService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/EffectsService.cpp
@ -99,6 +99,11 @@ fire_and_forget EffectsService::Initialize() {
 	_initialized.notify_one();
 }

+void EffectsService::Uninitialize() {
+	// 等待解析完成，防止退出时崩溃
+	_WaitForInitialize();
+}
+
 const std::vector<EffectInfo>& EffectsService::Effects() noexcept {
 	_WaitForInitialize();
 	return _effects;
--- a/src/Magpie/EffectsService.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/EffectsService.h
@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ public:

 	winrt::fire_and_forget Initialize();

+	void Uninitialize();
+
 	const std::vector<EffectInfo>& Effects() noexcept;

 	const EffectInfo* GetEffect(std::wstring_view name) noexcept;
--- a/src/Magpie/Magpie.vcxproj
+++ b/src/Magpie/Magpie.vcxproj
@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
      <DependentUpon>AboutViewModel.idl</DependentUpon>
      <SubType>Code</SubType>
    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="AdaptersService.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="AppSettings.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="AppXReader.h" />
    <ClInclude Include="AutoStartHelper.h" />
@ -260,6 +261,7 @@
      <DependentUpon>AboutViewModel.idl</DependentUpon>
      <SubType>Code</SubType>
    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="AdaptersService.cpp" />
    <ClCompile Include="AppSettings.cpp" />
    <ClCompile Include="AppXReader.cpp" />
    <ClCompile Include="AutoStartHelper.cpp" />
--- a/src/Magpie/Magpie.vcxproj.filters
+++ b/src/Magpie/Magpie.vcxproj.filters
@ -73,6 +73,12 @@
    <ClCompile Include="XamlHelper.cpp">
      <Filter>Helpers</Filter>
    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="AdaptersService.cpp">
+      <Filter>Services</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
+    <ClCompile Include="DirectXHelper.cpp">
+      <Filter>Helpers</Filter>
+    </ClCompile>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ClInclude Include="pch.h" />
@ -154,6 +160,12 @@
    <ClInclude Include="resource.h">
      <Filter>Resources</Filter>
    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="AdaptersService.h">
+      <Filter>Services</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
+    <ClInclude Include="DirectXHelper.h">
+      <Filter>Helpers</Filter>
+    </ClInclude>
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <Filter Include="Pages">
--- a/src/Magpie/NotifyIconService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/NotifyIconService.cpp
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Magpie {

 // 当任务栏被创建时会广播此消息。用于在资源管理器被重新启动时重新创建托盘图标
 // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/shell/taskbar#taskbar-creation-notification
-static UINT WM_TASKBARCREATED;
+static UINT WM_TASKBARCREATED = 0;

 void NotifyIconService::Initialize() noexcept {
 	WM_TASKBARCREATED = RegisterWindowMessage(L"TaskbarCreated");
@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ void NotifyIconService::Initialize() noexcept {
 }

 void NotifyIconService::Uninitialize() noexcept {
+	if (!WM_TASKBARCREATED) {
+		return;
+	}
+
 	IsShow(false);

 	if (_nid.hWnd) {
--- a/src/Magpie/NotifyIconService.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/NotifyIconService.h
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ public:
 	void Uninitialize() noexcept;

 	void IsShow(bool value) noexcept;
-	bool IsShow() noexcept {
+	bool IsShow() const noexcept {
 		// 返回 _shouldShow 而不是 _isShow，对外接口假设总是创建成功
 		return _shouldShow;
 	}
--- a/src/Magpie/Profile.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/Profile.h
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ struct Profile {
 		isCroppingEnabled = other.isCroppingEnabled;
 		cropping = other.cropping;
 		captureMethod = other.captureMethod;
-		graphicsCard = other.graphicsCard;
+		graphicsCardId = other.graphicsCardId;
 		isFrameRateLimiterEnabled = other.isFrameRateLimiterEnabled;
 		maxFrameRate = other.maxFrameRate;
 		multiMonitorUsage = other.multiMonitorUsage;
@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ struct Profile {
 		scalingFlags = other.scalingFlags;
 	}

-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsWindowResizingDisabled, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::DisableWindowResizing, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(Is3DGameMode, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::Is3DGameMode, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsShowFPS, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::ShowFPS, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsCaptureTitleBar, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::CaptureTitleBar, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsAdjustCursorSpeed, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::AdjustCursorSpeed, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsDrawCursor, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::DrawCursor, scalingFlags)
-	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsDirectFlipDisabled, ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::DisableDirectFlip, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsWindowResizingDisabled, ScalingFlags::DisableWindowResizing, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(Is3DGameMode, ScalingFlags::Is3DGameMode, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsShowFPS, ScalingFlags::ShowFPS, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsCaptureTitleBar, ScalingFlags::CaptureTitleBar, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsAdjustCursorSpeed, ScalingFlags::AdjustCursorSpeed, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsDrawCursor, ScalingFlags::DrawCursor, scalingFlags)
+	DEFINE_FLAG_ACCESSOR(IsDirectFlipDisabled, ScalingFlags::DisableDirectFlip, scalingFlags)

 	std::wstring name;

@ -54,21 +54,20 @@ struct Profile {
 	CursorScaling cursorScaling = CursorScaling::NoScaling;
 	float customCursorScaling = 1.0;

-	::Magpie::Cropping cropping{};
+	Cropping cropping{};
 	// -1 表示原样
 	int scalingMode = -1;
-	::Magpie::CaptureMethod captureMethod = ::Magpie::CaptureMethod::GraphicsCapture;
-	// -1 表示默认，大于等于 0 为图形适配器的索引
-	int graphicsCard = -1;
-	::Magpie::MultiMonitorUsage multiMonitorUsage = ::Magpie::MultiMonitorUsage::Closest;
-	::Magpie::CursorInterpolationMode cursorInterpolationMode = ::Magpie::CursorInterpolationMode::NearestNeighbor;
+	CaptureMethod captureMethod = CaptureMethod::GraphicsCapture;
+	GraphicsCardId graphicsCardId;
+	MultiMonitorUsage multiMonitorUsage = MultiMonitorUsage::Closest;
+	CursorInterpolationMode cursorInterpolationMode = CursorInterpolationMode::NearestNeighbor;

 	// 10~1000
 	float maxFrameRate = 60.0f;

 	std::wstring launchParameters;

-	uint32_t scalingFlags = ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::AdjustCursorSpeed | ::Magpie::ScalingFlags::DrawCursor;
+	uint32_t scalingFlags = ScalingFlags::AdjustCursorSpeed | ScalingFlags::DrawCursor;

 	bool isPackaged = false;
 	bool isCroppingEnabled = false;
--- a/src/Magpie/ProfilePage.xaml
+++ b/src/Magpie/ProfilePage.xaml
@ -214,15 +214,19 @@
 			<local:SettingsGroup x:Uid="Profile_Performance">
 				<local:SettingsCard x:Name="GraphicsCardSettingsCard"
 				                    x:Uid="Profile_Performance_GraphicsCard"
-				                    x:Load="{x:Bind ViewModel.IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard, Mode=OneTime}"
+				                    x:Load="{x:Bind ViewModel.IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard, Mode=OneWay}"
 				                    IsWrapEnabled="True">
 					<local:SettingsCard.HeaderIcon>
 						<FontIcon Glyph="&#xf211;" />
 					</local:SettingsCard.HeaderIcon>
 					<ComboBox DropDownOpened="ComboBox_DropDownOpened"
-					          ItemsSource="{x:Bind ViewModel.GraphicsCards, Mode=OneTime}"
+					          ItemsSource="{x:Bind ViewModel.GraphicsCards, Mode=OneWay}"
 					          SelectedIndex="{x:Bind ViewModel.GraphicsCard, Mode=TwoWay}" />
 				</local:SettingsCard>
+				<muxc:InfoBar x:Uid="Profile_Performance_NoGraphicsCard"
+				              IsClosable="False"
+				              IsOpen="{x:Bind ViewModel.IsNoGraphicsCard, Mode=OneWay}"
+				              Severity="Warning" />
 				<local:SettingsCard x:Uid="Profile_Performance_ShowFPS">
 					<local:SettingsCard.HeaderIcon>
 						<FontIcon Glyph="&#xEC4A;" />
--- a/src/Magpie/ProfileService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/ProfileService.cpp
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "AppXReader.h"
 #include <regex>
 #include "StrHelper.h"
+#include "AdaptersService.h"

 using namespace ::Magpie;

--- a/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.cpp
@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 #include "AppSettings.h"
 #include "Logger.h"
 #include "ScalingMode.h"
-#include <dxgi.h>
 #include "ScalingService.h"
 #include "FileDialogHelper.h"
 #include "CommonSharedConstants.h"
 #include "App.h"
 #include "MainWindow.h"
+#include "AdaptersService.h"

 using namespace ::Magpie;
 using namespace winrt;
@ -28,34 +28,6 @@ using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Media::Imaging;

 namespace winrt::Magpie::implementation {

-static SmallVector<std::wstring> GetAllGraphicsCards() {
-	com_ptr<IDXGIFactory1> dxgiFactory;
-	HRESULT hr = CreateDXGIFactory1(IID_PPV_ARGS(&dxgiFactory));
-	if (FAILED(hr)) {
-		return {};
-	}
-
-	SmallVector<std::wstring> result;
-
-	com_ptr<IDXGIAdapter1> adapter;
-	for (UINT adapterIndex = 0;
-		SUCCEEDED(dxgiFactory->EnumAdapters1(adapterIndex, adapter.put()));
-		++adapterIndex
-		) {
-		DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC1 desc;
-		hr = adapter->GetDesc1(&desc);
-
-		// 不包含 WARP
-		if (desc.Flags & DXGI_ADAPTER_FLAG_SOFTWARE) {
-			continue;
-		}
-
-		result.emplace_back(SUCCEEDED(hr) ? desc.Description : L"???");
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
 ProfileViewModel::ProfileViewModel(int profileIdx) : _isDefaultProfile(profileIdx < 0) {
 	if (_isDefaultProfile) {
 		_data = &ProfileService::Get().DefaultProfile();
@ -105,10 +77,8 @@ ProfileViewModel::ProfileViewModel(int profileIdx) : _isDefaultProfile(profileId
 		_captureMethods = single_threaded_vector(std::move(captureMethods));
 	}

-	_graphicsCards = GetAllGraphicsCards();
-	if (_data->graphicsCard >= _graphicsCards.size()) {
-		_data->graphicsCard = -1;
-	}
+	_adaptersChangedRevoker = AdaptersService::Get().AdaptersChanged(auto_revoke,
+		std::bind_front(&ProfileViewModel::_AdaptersService_AdaptersChanged, this));
 }

 ProfileViewModel::~ProfileViewModel() {}
@ -440,42 +410,70 @@ void ProfileViewModel::MultiMonitorUsage(int value) {

 IVector<IInspectable> ProfileViewModel::GraphicsCards() const noexcept {
 	std::vector<IInspectable> graphicsCards;
-	graphicsCards.reserve(_graphicsCards.size() + 1);
+
+	const std::vector<AdapterInfo>& adapterInfos = AdaptersService::Get().AdapterInfos();
+	graphicsCards.reserve(adapterInfos.size() + 1);

 	ResourceLoader resourceLoader =
 		ResourceLoader::GetForCurrentView(CommonSharedConstants::APP_RESOURCE_MAP_ID);
 	hstring defaultStr = resourceLoader.GetString(L"Profile_General_CaptureMethod_Default");
 	graphicsCards.push_back(box_value(defaultStr));

-	for (const std::wstring& graphicsCard : _graphicsCards) {
-		graphicsCards.push_back(box_value(graphicsCard));
+	for (const AdapterInfo& adapterInfo : adapterInfos) {
+		graphicsCards.push_back(box_value(adapterInfo.description));
 	}

 	return single_threaded_vector(std::move(graphicsCards));
 }

 int ProfileViewModel::GraphicsCard() const noexcept {
-	return _data->graphicsCard + 1;
+	if (_data->graphicsCardId.idx < 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// 不要把 graphicsCardId.idx 当作位序使用，AdaptersService 会过滤掉不支持 FL11 的显卡
+	const std::vector<AdapterInfo>& adapterInfos = AdaptersService::Get().AdapterInfos();
+	auto it = std::find_if(adapterInfos.begin(), adapterInfos.end(),
+		[&](const AdapterInfo& ai) { return (int)ai.idx == _data->graphicsCardId.idx; });
+	if (it == adapterInfos.end()) {
+		assert(false);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	return int(it - adapterInfos.begin()) + 1;
 }

 void ProfileViewModel::GraphicsCard(int value) {
-	if (value < 0) {
+	if (value < 0 || _isHandlingAdapterChanged) {
 		return;
 	}

-	--value;
-	if (_data->graphicsCard == value) {
-		return;
-	}
+	GraphicsCardId& gcid = _data->graphicsCardId;

-	_data->graphicsCard = value;
+	const std::vector<AdapterInfo>& adapterInfos = AdaptersService::Get().AdapterInfos();
+	if (value == 0 || value - 1 >= (int)adapterInfos.size()) {
+		// 设为默认显卡，并清空 vendorId 和 deviceId
+		gcid.idx = -1;
+		gcid.vendorId = 0;
+		gcid.deviceId = 0;
+	} else {
+		const AdapterInfo& ai = adapterInfos[size_t(value - 1)];
+		gcid.idx = ai.idx;
+		gcid.vendorId = ai.vendorId;
+		gcid.deviceId = ai.deviceId;
+	}
+	
 	AppSettings::Get().SaveAsync();

 	RaisePropertyChanged(L"GraphicsCard");
 }

 bool ProfileViewModel::IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard() const noexcept {
-	return _graphicsCards.size() > 1;
+	return AdaptersService::Get().AdapterInfos().size() > 1;
+}
+
+bool ProfileViewModel::IsNoGraphicsCard() const noexcept {
+	return AdaptersService::Get().AdapterInfos().empty();
 }

 bool ProfileViewModel::IsFrameRateLimiterEnabled() const noexcept {
@ -810,4 +808,13 @@ fire_and_forget ProfileViewModel::_LoadIcon() {
 	RaisePropertyChanged(L"Icon");
 }

+void ProfileViewModel::_AdaptersService_AdaptersChanged() {
+	_isHandlingAdapterChanged = true;
+	RaisePropertyChanged(L"IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard");
+	RaisePropertyChanged(L"IsNoGraphicsCard");
+	RaisePropertyChanged(L"GraphicsCards");
+	RaisePropertyChanged(L"GraphicsCard");
+	_isHandlingAdapterChanged = false;
+}
+
 }
--- a/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.h
+++ b/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.h
@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ struct ProfileViewModel : ProfileViewModelT<ProfileViewModel>,

 	bool IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard() const noexcept;

+	bool IsNoGraphicsCard() const noexcept;
+
 	bool IsFrameRateLimiterEnabled() const noexcept;
 	void IsFrameRateLimiterEnabled(bool value);

@ -144,6 +146,8 @@ struct ProfileViewModel : ProfileViewModelT<ProfileViewModel>,
 private:
 	fire_and_forget _LoadIcon();

+	void _AdaptersService_AdaptersChanged();
+
 	bool _isProgramExist = true;

 	hstring _renameText;
@ -151,7 +155,6 @@ private:

 	IVector<IInspectable> _scalingModes{ nullptr };
 	IVector<IInspectable> _captureMethods{ nullptr };
-	::Magpie::SmallVector<std::wstring> _graphicsCards;

 	uint32_t _index = 0;
 	// 可以保存此指针的原因是: 用户停留在此页面时不会有缩放配置被创建或删除
@ -159,11 +162,14 @@ private:

 	::Magpie::MultithreadEvent<bool>::EventRevoker _appThemeChangedRevoker;
 	::Magpie::Event<uint32_t>::EventRevoker _dpiChangedRevoker;
+	::Magpie::Event<>::EventRevoker _adaptersChangedRevoker;

 	Controls::IconElement _icon{ nullptr };

 	const bool _isDefaultProfile = true;
 	bool _isRenameConfirmButtonEnabled = false;
+	// 用于防止 ComboBox 可见性变化时错误修改 GraphicsCard 配置
+	bool _isHandlingAdapterChanged = false;
 };

 }
--- a/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.idl
+++ b/src/Magpie/ProfileViewModel.idl
@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ namespace Magpie {
 		IVector<IInspectable> GraphicsCards { get; };
 		Int32 GraphicsCard;
 		Boolean IsShowGraphicsCardSettingsCard { get; };
+		Boolean IsNoGraphicsCard { get; };

 		Boolean IsShowFPS;
 		Boolean IsFrameRateLimiterEnabled;
--- a/src/Magpie/Resources.language-en-US.resw
+++ b/src/Magpie/Resources.language-en-US.resw
@ -862,4 +862,7 @@
  <data name="Message_ScalingFailed" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>Scaling failed</value>
  </data>
+  <data name="Profile_Performance_NoGraphicsCard.Title" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>No compatible graphics card was found, so CPU rendering will be used instead. Performance may not meet expectations.</value>
+  </data>
 </root>
--- a/src/Magpie/Resources.language-zh-Hans.resw
+++ b/src/Magpie/Resources.language-zh-Hans.resw
@ -862,4 +862,7 @@
  <data name="Message_ScalingFailed" xml:space="preserve">
    <value>缩放时出错</value>
  </data>
+  <data name="Profile_Performance_NoGraphicsCard.Title" xml:space="preserve">
+    <value>由于找不到兼容的显卡，将使用 CPU 渲染。很可能达不到理想性能。</value>
+  </data>
 </root>
--- a/src/Magpie/ScalingService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/ScalingService.cpp
@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ void ScalingService::Initialize() {
 }

 void ScalingService::Uninitialize() {
+	if (!_checkForegroundTimer) {
+		return;
+	}
+
 	_checkForegroundTimer.Cancel();
 	_countDownTimer.Stop();
 	_scalingRuntime.reset();
@ -309,7 +313,7 @@ void ScalingService::_StartScale(HWND hWnd, const Profile& profile) {
 		return;
 	}
 	
-	options.graphicsCard = profile.graphicsCard;
+	options.graphicsCardId = profile.graphicsCardId;
 	options.captureMethod = profile.captureMethod;
 	if (profile.isFrameRateLimiterEnabled) {
 		options.maxFrameRate = profile.maxFrameRate;
--- a/src/Magpie/ShortcutService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/ShortcutService.cpp
@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ void ShortcutService::Initialize() {
 }

 void ShortcutService::Uninitialize() {
+	if (!_hwndHotkey) {
+		return;
+	}
+
 	_keyboardHook.reset();

 	for (int i = 0; i < (int)ShortcutAction::COUNT_OR_NONE; ++i) {
--- a/src/Magpie/ToastService.cpp
+++ b/src/Magpie/ToastService.cpp
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void ToastService::Uninitialize() noexcept {
 		const DWORD threadId = GetThreadId(hToastThread);

 		// 持续尝试直到 _toastThread 创建了消息队列
-		while (!PostThreadMessage(threadId, CommonSharedConstants::WM_TOAST_QUIT, 0, 0)) {
+		while (!PostThreadMessage(threadId, WM_QUIT, 0, 0)) {
 			if (wil::handle_wait(hToastThread, 1)) {
 				break;
 			}
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void ToastService::ShowMessageInApp(std::wstring_view title, std::wstring_view m

 void ToastService::_ToastThreadProc() noexcept {
 #ifdef _DEBUG
-	SetThreadDescription(GetCurrentThread(), L"Toast 线程");
+	SetThreadDescription(GetCurrentThread(), L"ToastService 线程");
 #endif

 	winrt::init_apartment(winrt::apartment_type::single_threaded);
@ -108,23 +108,18 @@ void ToastService::_ToastThreadProc() noexcept {

 	MSG msg;
 	while (GetMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0)) {
-		if (msg.message == CommonSharedConstants::WM_TOAST_QUIT) {
-			DestroyWindow(_hwndToast);
-			break;
-		}
-
-		{
-			BOOL processed = FALSE;
-			HRESULT hr = xamlSourceNative2->PreTranslateMessage(&msg, &processed);
-			if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && processed) {
-				continue;
-			}
+		BOOL processed = FALSE;
+		HRESULT hr = xamlSourceNative2->PreTranslateMessage(&msg, &processed);
+		if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && processed) {
+			continue;
 		}

 		TranslateMessage(&msg);
 		DispatchMessage(&msg);
 	}

+	DestroyWindow(_hwndToast);
+
 	// 防止退出时崩溃
 	_toastPage->Close();